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Valuation of Long Term Securities
Notes on the valuation of long term securities like bonds etc.
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valuation of long term security financial management
- 1. 1 Chapter 4Chapter 4 The Valuation ofThe Valuation of Long-TermLong-Term SecuritiesSecurities © 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11/e Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D. Carroll College, Waukesha, WI
- 2. 2 The Valuation ofThe Valuation of Long-Term SecuritiesLong-Term Securities Distinctions Among Valuation Concepts Bond Valuation Preferred Stock Valuation Common Stock Valuation Rates of Return (or Yields)
- 3. 3 What is Value?What is Value? Going-concern valueGoing-concern value represents the amount a firm could be sold for as a continuing operating business. Liquidation valueLiquidation value represents the amount of money that could be realized if an asset or group of assets is sold separately from its operating organization.
- 4. 4 What is Value?What is Value? (2) a firm: total assets minus liabilities and preferred stock as listed on the balance sheet. Book valueBook value represents either (1) an asset: the accounting value of an asset -- the asset’s cost minus its accumulated depreciation;
- 5. 5 What is Value?What is Value? Intrinsic valueIntrinsic value represents the price a security “ought to have” based on all factors bearing on valuation. Market valueMarket value represents the market price at which an asset trades.
- 6. 6 Bond ValuationBond Valuation Important Terms Types of Bonds Valuation of Bonds Handling Semiannual Compounding
- 7. 7 Important Bond TermsImportant Bond Terms The maturity valuematurity value (MVMV) [or face value] of a bond is the stated value. In the case of a U.S. bond, the face value is usually $1,000. A bondbond is a long-term debt instrument issued by a corporation or government.
- 8. 8 Important Bond TermsImportant Bond Terms The discount ratediscount rate (capitalization rate) is dependent on the risk of the bond and is composed of the risk-free rate plus a premium for risk. The bond’s coupon ratecoupon rate is the stated rate of interest; the annual interest payment divided by the bond’s face value.
- 9. 9 Different Types of BondsDifferent Types of Bonds A perpetual bondperpetual bond is a bond that never matures. It has an infinite life. (1 + kd)1 (1 + kd)2 (1 + kd)∞∞ V = + + ... + I II = Σ ∞∞ t=1 (1 + kd)t I or I (PVIFA kd, ∞∞ ) V = II / kkdd [Reduced Form]
- 10. 10 Perpetual Bond ExamplePerpetual Bond Example Bond P has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% coupon. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the perpetual bondperpetual bond? II = $1,000 ( 8%) = $80$80. kkdd = 10%10%. VV = II / kkdd [Reduced Form] = $80$80 / 10%10% = $800$800.
- 11. 11 N: “Trick” by using huge N like 1,000,000! I/Y: 10% interest rate per period (enter as 10 NOT .10) PV: Compute (resulting answer is cost to purchase) PMT: $80 annual interest forever (8% x $1,000 face) FV: $0 (investor never receives the face value) ““Tricking” theTricking” the Calculator to SolveCalculator to Solve N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 1,000,000 10 80 0 -800.0
- 12. 12 Different Types of BondsDifferent Types of Bonds A non-zero coupon-paying bondnon-zero coupon-paying bond is a coupon-paying bond with a finite life. (1 + kd)1 (1 + kd)2 (1 + kd)nn V = + + ... + I I + MVI = Σ nn t=1 (1 + kd)t I V = I (PVIFA kd, nn) + MV (PVIF kd, nn) (1 + kd)nn + MV
- 13. 13 Bond C has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% annual coupon for 30 years. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the coupon bond? Coupon Bond ExampleCoupon Bond Example VV = $80 (PVIFA10%, 30) + $1,000 (PVIF10%, 30) = $80 (9.427) + $1,000 (.057) [[Table IVTable IV]] [[Table IITable II]] = $754.16 + $57.00 = $811.16$811.16.
- 14. 14 N: 30-year annual bond I/Y: 10% interest rate per period (enter as 10 NOT .10) PV: Compute (resulting answer is cost to purchase) PMT: $80 annual interest (8% x $1,000 face value) FV: $1,000 (investor receives face value in 30 years) N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 30 10 80 +$1,000 -811.46 Solving the CouponSolving the Coupon Bond on the CalculatorBond on the Calculator (Actual, rounding error in tables)
- 15. 15 Different Types of BondsDifferent Types of Bonds A zero-coupon bondzero-coupon bond is a bond that pays no interest but sells at a deep discount from its face value; it provides compensation to investors in the form of price appreciation. (1 + kd)nn V = MV = MV (PVIFkd, nn)
- 16. 16 VV = $1,000 (PVIF10%, 30) = $1,000 (.057) = $57.00$57.00 Zero-CouponZero-Coupon Bond ExampleBond Example Bond Z has a $1,000 face value and a 30-year life. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the zero-coupon bond?
- 17. 17 N: 30-year zero-coupon bond I/Y: 10% interest rate per period (enter as 10 NOT .10) PV: Compute (resulting answer is cost to purchase) PMT: $0 coupon interest since it pays no coupon FV: $1,000 (investor receives only face in 30 years) N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 30 10 0 +$1,000 -57.31 Solving the Zero-CouponSolving the Zero-Coupon Bond on the CalculatorBond on the Calculator (Actual, rounding error in tables)
- 18. 18 Semiannual CompoundingSemiannual Compounding (1) Divide kkdd by 22 (2) Multiply nn by 22 (3) Divide II by 22 Most bonds in the U.S. pay interest twice a year (1/2 of the annual coupon). Adjustments needed:
- 19. 19 (1 + kd/22 ) 22 *nn(1 + kd/22 )1 Semiannual CompoundingSemiannual Compounding A non-zero coupon bondnon-zero coupon bond adjusted for semiannual compounding. V = + + ... + I / 22 I / 22 + MV = Σ 22*nn t=1 (1 + kd /22 )t I / 22 = I/22 (PVIFAkd /22 ,22*nn) + MV (PVIFkd /22 , 22*nn) (1 + kd /22 ) 22 *nn + MV I / 22 (1 + kd/22 )2
- 20. 20 VV = $40 (PVIFA5%, 30) + $1,000 (PVIF5%, 30) = $40 (15.373) + $1,000 (.231) [[Table IVTable IV]] [[Table IITable II]] = $614.92 + $231.00 = $845.92$845.92 Semiannual CouponSemiannual Coupon Bond ExampleBond Example Bond C has a $1,000 face value and provides an 8% semiannual coupon for 15 years. The appropriate discount rate is 10% (annual rate). What is the value of the coupon bond?
- 21. 21 N: 15-year semiannual coupon bond (15 x 2 = 30) I/Y: 5% interest rate per semiannual period (10 / 2 = 5) PV: Compute (resulting answer is cost to purchase) PMT: $40 semiannual coupon ($80 / 2 = $40) FV: $1,000 (investor receives face value in 15 years) N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 30 5 40 +$1,000 -846.28 The Semiannual CouponThe Semiannual Coupon Bond on the CalculatorBond on the Calculator (Actual, rounding error in tables)
- 22. 22 Semiannual CouponSemiannual Coupon Bond ExampleBond Example Let us use another worksheet on your calculator to solve this problem. Assume that Bond C was purchased (settlement date) on 12-31-2000 and will be redeemed on 12-31-2015. This is identical to the 15-year period we discussed for Bond C. What is its percent of par? What is the value of the bond?
- 23. 23 Solving the Bond ProblemSolving the Bond Problem Press: 2nd Bond 12.3100 ENTER ↓ 8 ENTER ↓ 12.3115 ENTER ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 10 ENTER ↓ CPT
- 24. 24 Semiannual CouponSemiannual Coupon Bond ExampleBond Example 1. What is its percent of par? 2. What is the value of the bond? 84.628% of par (as quoted in financial papers) 84.628% x $1,000 face value = $846.28
- 25. 25 Preferred StockPreferred Stock is a type of stock that promises a (usually) fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of directors. Preferred Stock ValuationPreferred Stock Valuation Preferred Stock has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and claims on assets.
- 26. 26 Preferred Stock ValuationPreferred Stock Valuation This reduces to a perpetuityperpetuity! (1 + kP)1 (1 + kP)2 (1 + kP)∞∞VV = + + ... + DivP DivPDivP = Σ ∞∞ t=1 (1 + kP)t DivP or DivP(PVIFA kP, ∞∞ ) VV = DivP / kP
- 27. 27 Preferred Stock ExamplePreferred Stock Example DivDivPP = $100 ( 8% ) = $8.00$8.00. kkPP = 10%10%. VV = DivDivPP / kkPP = $8.00$8.00 / 10%10% = $80$80 Stock PS has an 8%, $100 par value issue outstanding. The appropriate discount rate is 10%. What is the value of the preferred stockpreferred stock?
- 28. 28 Common Stock ValuationCommon Stock Valuation Pro rata share of future earnings after all other obligations of the firm (if any remain). Dividends maymay be paid out of the pro rata share of earnings. Common stockCommon stock represents a residual ownership position in the corporation.
- 29. 29 Common Stock ValuationCommon Stock Valuation (1) Future dividends (2) Future sale of the common stock shares What cash flows will a shareholder receive when owning shares of common stockcommon stock?
- 30. 30 Dividend Valuation ModelDividend Valuation Model Basic dividend valuation model accounts for the PV of all future dividends. (1 + ke)1 (1 + ke)2 (1 + ke)∞∞V = + + ... + Div1 Div∞∞Div2 = Σ ∞∞ t=1 (1 + ke)t Divt Divt: Cash dividend at time t ke: Equity investor’s required return Divt: Cash dividend at time t ke: Equity investor’s required return
- 31. 31 Adjusted DividendAdjusted Dividend Valuation ModelValuation Model The basic dividend valuation model adjusted for the future stock sale. (1 + ke)1 (1 + ke)2 (1 + ke)nn V = + + ... + Div1 Divnn + PricennDiv2 nn: The year in which the firm’s shares are expected to be sold. Pricenn: The expected share price in year nn. nn: The year in which the firm’s shares are expected to be sold. Pricenn: The expected share price in year nn.
- 32. 32 Dividend GrowthDividend Growth Pattern AssumptionsPattern Assumptions The dividend valuation model requires the forecast of all future dividends. The following dividend growth rate assumptions simplify the valuation process. Constant GrowthConstant Growth No GrowthNo Growth Growth PhasesGrowth Phases
- 33. 33 Constant Growth ModelConstant Growth Model The constant growth modelconstant growth model assumes that dividends will grow forever at the rate g. (1 + ke)1 (1 + ke)2 (1 + ke)∞V = + + ... + D0(1+g) D0(1+g)∞ = (ke - g) D1 D1: Dividend paid at time 1. g: The constant growth rate. ke: Investor’s required return. D1: Dividend paid at time 1. g: The constant growth rate. ke: Investor’s required return. D0(1+g)2
- 34. 34 Constant GrowthConstant Growth Model ExampleModel Example Stock CG has an expected growth rate of 8%. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend per share. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stockcommon stock? DD11 = $3.24$3.24 ( 1 + .08 ) = $3.50$3.50 VVCGCG = DD11 / ( kkee - g ) = $3.50$3.50 / ( .15.15 - .08 ) = $50$50
- 35. 35 Zero Growth ModelZero Growth Model The zero growth modelzero growth model assumes that dividends will grow forever at the rate g = 0. (1 + ke)1 (1 + ke)2 (1 + ke)∞ VZG = + + ... + D1 D∞ = ke D1 D1: Dividend paid at time 1. ke: Investor’s required return. D1: Dividend paid at time 1. ke: Investor’s required return. D2
- 36. 36 Zero GrowthZero Growth Model ExampleModel Example Stock ZG has an expected growth rate of 0%. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend per share. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stockcommon stock? DD11 = $3.24$3.24 ( 1 + 0 ) = $3.24$3.24 VVZGZG = DD11 / ( kkee - 0 ) = $3.24$3.24 / ( .15.15 - 0 ) = $21.60$21.60
- 37. 37 D0(1+g1)t Dn(1+g2)t Growth Phases ModelGrowth Phases Model The growth phases modelgrowth phases model assumes that dividends for each share will grow at two or more different growth rates. (1 + ke)t (1 + ke)tV =Σt=1 n Σt=n+1 ∞ +
- 38. 38 D0(1+g1)t Dn+1 Growth Phases ModelGrowth Phases Model Note that the second phase of the growth phases modelgrowth phases model assumes that dividends will grow at a constant rate g2. We can rewrite the formula as: (1 + ke)t (ke - g2)V =Σt=1 n + 1 (1 + ke)n
- 39. 39 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Stock GP has an expected growth rate of 16% for the first 3 years and 8% thereafter. Each share of stock just received an annual $3.24 dividend per share. The appropriate discount rate is 15%. What is the value of the common stock under this scenario?
- 40. 40 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Stock GP has two phases of growth. The first, 16%, starts at time t=0 for 3 years and is followed by 8% thereafter starting at time t=3. We should view the time line as two separate time lines in the valuation. Stock GP has two phases of growth. The first, 16%, starts at time t=0 for 3 years and is followed by 8% thereafter starting at time t=3. We should view the time line as two separate time lines in the valuation. ∞ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Growth of 16% for 3 years Growth of 8% to infinity!
- 41. 41 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Note that we can value Phase #2 using the Constant Growth Model ∞ 0 1 2 3 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Growth Phase #1 plus the infinitely long Phase #2
- 42. 42 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Note that we can now replace all dividends from Year 4 to infinity with the value at time t=3, V3! Simpler!! ∞ V3 = D4 D5 D6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 D4 k-g We can use this model because dividends grow at a constant 8% rate beginning at the end of Year 3.
- 43. 43 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Now we only need to find the first four dividends to calculate the necessary cash flows. 0 1 2 3 D1 D2 D3 V3 0 1 2 3 New Time Line D4 k-g Where V3 =
- 44. 44 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Determine the annual dividends. D0 = $3.24 (this has been paid already) DD11 = D0(1+g1)1 = $3.24(1.16)1 =$3.76$3.76 DD22 = D0(1+g1)2 = $3.24(1.16)2 =$4.36$4.36 DD33 = D0(1+g1)3 = $3.24(1.16)3 =$5.06$5.06 DD44 = D3(1+g2)1 = $5.06(1.08)1 =$5.46$5.46
- 45. 45 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Now we need to find the present value of the cash flows. 0 1 2 3 3.76 4.36 5.06 78 0 1 2 3 Actual Values 5.46 .15-.08Where $78 =
- 46. 46 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example We determine the PV of cash flows. PV(DD11) = DD11(PVIF15%, 1) = $3.76$3.76 (.870) = $$3.273.27 PV(DD22) = DD22(PVIF15%, 2) = $4.36$4.36 (.756) = $$3.303.30 PV(DD33) = DD33(PVIF15%, 3) = $5.06$5.06 (.658) = $$3.333.33 PP33 = $5.46$5.46 / (.15 - .08) = $78 [CG Model] PV(PP33) = PP33(PVIF15%, 3) = $78$78 (.658) = $$51.3251.32
- 47. 47 D0(1+.16)t D4 Growth PhasesGrowth Phases Model ExampleModel Example Finally, we calculate the intrinsic valueintrinsic value by summing all the cash flow present values. (1 + .15)t (.15-.08) V = Σt=1 3 + 1 (1+.15)n V = $3.27 + $3.30 + $3.33 + $51.32 V = $61.22V = $61.22
- 48. 48 Solving the Intrinsic ValueSolving the Intrinsic Value Problem using CF RegistryProblem using CF Registry Steps in the Process (Page 1) Step 1: Press CF key Step 2: Press 2nd CLR Work keys Step 3: For CF0 Press 0 Enter ↓ keys Step 4: For C01 Press 3.76 Enter ↓ keys Step 5: For F01 Press 1 Enter ↓ keys Step 6: For C02 Press 4.36 Enter ↓ keys Step 7: For F02 Press 1 Enter ↓ keys
- 49. 49 Solving the Intrinsic ValueSolving the Intrinsic Value Problem using CF RegistryProblem using CF Registry RESULT: Value = $61.18! (Actual, rounding error in tables) Steps in the Process (Page 2) Step 8: For C03 Press 83.06 Enter ↓ keys Step 9: For F03 Press 1 Enter ↓ keys Step 10: Press ↓ ↓ keys Step 11: Press NPV Step 12: Press 15 Enter ↓ keys Step 13: Press CPT
- 50. 50 Calculating Rates ofCalculating Rates of Return (or Yields)Return (or Yields) 1. Determine the expected cash flowscash flows. 2. Replace the intrinsic value (V) with the market price (Pmarket price (P00)). 3. Solve for the market required rate ofmarket required rate of returnreturn that equates the discounteddiscounted cash flowscash flows to the market pricemarket price. Steps to calculate the rate of return (or yield).
- 51. 51 Determining Bond YTMDetermining Bond YTM Determine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the coupon-paying bond with a finite life. P0 = Σ nn t=1 (1 + kd )t I = I (PVIFA kd , nn) + MV (PVIF kd , nn) (1 + kd )nn + MV kd = YTM
- 52. 52 Determining the YTMDetermining the YTM Julie Miller want to determine the YTM for an issue of outstanding bonds at Basket Wonders (BW). BW has an issue of 10% annual coupon bonds with 15 years left to maturity. The bonds have a current market value of $1,250$1,250. What is the YTM?What is the YTM?
- 53. 53 YTM Solution (Try 9%)YTM Solution (Try 9%) $1,250$1,250 = $100(PVIFA9%,15) + $1,000(PVIF9%, 15) $1,250$1,250 = $100(8.061) + $1,000(.275) $1,250$1,250 = $806.10 + $275.00 = $1,081.10$1,081.10 [[Rate is too high!Rate is too high!]]
- 54. 54 YTM Solution (Try 7%)YTM Solution (Try 7%) $1,250$1,250 = $100(PVIFA7%,15) + $1,000(PVIF7%, 15) $1,250$1,250 = $100(9.108) + $1,000(.362) $1,250$1,250 = $910.80 + $362.00 = $1,272.80$1,272.80 [[Rate is too low!Rate is too low!]]
- 55. 55 .07 $1,273 .02 IRR $1,250 $192 .09 $1,081 X $23 .02 $192 YTM Solution (Interpolate)YTM Solution (Interpolate) $23X =
- 56. 56 .07 $1,273 .02 IRR $1,250 $192 .09 $1,081 X $23 .02 $192 YTM Solution (Interpolate)YTM Solution (Interpolate) $23X =
- 57. 57 .07 $1273 .02 YTMYTM $1250$1250 $192 .09 $1081 ($23)(0.02) $192 YTM Solution (Interpolate)YTM Solution (Interpolate) $23X X = X = .0024 YTMYTM = .07 + .0024 = .0724 or 7.24%7.24%
- 58. 58 N: 15-year annual bond I/Y: Compute -- Solving for the annual YTM PV: Cost to purchase is $1,250 PMT: $100 annual interest (10% x $1,000 face value) FV: $1,000 (investor receives face value in 15 years) N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 15 -1,250 100 +$1,000 7.22% (actual YTM) YTM SolutionYTM Solution on the Calculatoron the Calculator
- 59. 59 Determining SemiannualDetermining Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMCoupon Bond YTM P0 = Σ 2nn t=1 (1 + kd /2 )t I / 2 = (I/2)(PVIFAkd /2, 2nn) + MV(PVIFkd /2 , 2nn) + MV [ 1 + (kd / 2) ]2 -1 = YTM Determine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the semiannual coupon- paying bond with a finite life. (1 + kd /2 )2nn
- 60. 60 Determining the SemiannualDetermining the Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMCoupon Bond YTM Julie Miller want to determine the YTM for another issue of outstanding bonds. The firm has an issue of 8% semiannual coupon bonds with 20 years left to maturity. The bonds have a current market value of $950$950. What is the YTM?What is the YTM?
- 61. 61 N: 20-year semiannual bond (20 x 2 = 40) I/Y: Compute -- Solving for the semiannual yield now PV: Cost to purchase is $950 today PMT: $40 annual interest (8% x $1,000 face value / 2) FV: $1,000 (investor receives face value in 15 years) N I/Y PV PMT FV Inputs Compute 40 -950 40 +$1,000 4.2626% = (kd / 2) YTM SolutionYTM Solution on the Calculatoron the Calculator
- 62. 62 Determining SemiannualDetermining Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMCoupon Bond YTM [ 1 + (kd / 2) ]2 -1 = YTM Determine the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM) for the semiannual coupon- paying bond with a finite life. [ 1 + (.042626) ]2 -1 = .0871 or 8.71%
- 63. 63 Solving the Bond ProblemSolving the Bond Problem Press: 2nd Bond 12.3100 ENTER ↓ 8 ENTER ↓ 12.3120 ENTER ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 95 ENTER ↑ CPT
- 64. 64 Determining SemiannualDetermining Semiannual Coupon Bond YTMCoupon Bond YTM [ 1 + (kd / 2) ]2 -1 = YTM This technique will calculate kd. You must then substitute it into the following formula. [ 1 + (.0852514/2) ]2 -1 = .0871 or 8.71% (same result!)
- 65. 65 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Discount BondDiscount Bond -- The market required rate of return exceeds the coupon rate (Par > P0 ). Premium BondPremium Bond ---- The coupon rate exceeds the market required rate of return (P0 > Par). Par BondPar Bond ---- The coupon rate equals the market required rate of return (P0 = Par).
- 66. 66 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Coupon RateCoupon Rate MARKET REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (%) BONDPRICE($) 1000 Par 1600 1400 1200 600 0 0 2 4 6 8 1010 12 14 16 18 5 Year5 Year 15 Year15 Year
- 67. 67 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Assume that the required rate of return on a 15-year, 10% coupon- paying bond risesrises from 10% to 12%. What happens to the bond price? When interest rates riserise, then the market required rates of return riserise and bond prices will fallfall.
- 68. 68 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Coupon RateCoupon Rate MARKET REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (%) BONDPRICE($) 1000 Par 1600 1400 1200 600 0 0 2 4 6 8 1010 12 14 16 18 15 Year15 Year 5 Year5 Year
- 69. 69 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield Relationship (Rising Rates)Relationship (Rising Rates) Therefore, the bond price has fallenfallen from $1,000 to $864. The required rate of return on a 15- year, 10% coupon-paying bond has risenrisen from 10% to 12%.
- 70. 70 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Assume that the required rate of return on a 15-year, 10% coupon- paying bond fallsfalls from 10% to 8%. What happens to the bond price? When interest rates fallfall, then the market required rates of return fallfall and bond prices will riserise.
- 71. 71 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Coupon RateCoupon Rate MARKET REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (%) BONDPRICE($) 1000 Par 1600 1400 1200 600 0 0 2 4 6 8 1010 12 14 16 18 15 Year15 Year 5 Year5 Year
- 72. 72 Bond Price-Yield RelationshipBond Price-Yield Relationship (Declining Rates)(Declining Rates) Therefore, the bond price has risenrisen from $1,000 to $1,171. The required rate of return on a 15- year, 10% coupon-paying bond has fallenfallen from 10% to 8%.
- 73. 73 The Role of Bond MaturityThe Role of Bond Maturity Assume that the required rate of return on both the 5- and 15-year, 10% coupon- paying bonds fallfall from 10% to 8%. What happens to the changes in bond prices? The longer the bond maturity, the greater the change in bond price for a given change in the market required rate of return.
- 74. 74 Bond Price-YieldBond Price-Yield RelationshipRelationship Coupon RateCoupon Rate MARKET REQUIRED RATE OF RETURN (%) BONDPRICE($) 1000 Par 1600 1400 1200 600 0 0 2 4 6 8 1010 12 14 16 18 15 Year15 Year 5 Year5 Year
- 75. 75 The Role of Bond MaturityThe Role of Bond Maturity The 5-year bond price has risenrisen from $1,000 to $1,080 for the 5-year bond (+8.0%). The 15-year bond price has risenrisen from $1,000 to $1,171 (+17.1%). Twice as fastTwice as fast!! The required rate of return on both the 5- and 15-year, 10% coupon-paying bonds has fallenfallen from 10% to 8%.
- 76. 76 The Role of theThe Role of the Coupon RateCoupon Rate For a given change in the market required rate of return, the price of a bond will change by proportionally more, the lowerlower the coupon rate.
- 77. 77 Example of the Role ofExample of the Role of the Coupon Ratethe Coupon Rate Assume that the market required rate of return on two equally risky 15-year bonds is 10%. The coupon rate for Bond H is 10% and Bond L is 8%. What is the rate of change in each of the bond prices if market required rates fall to 8%?
- 78. 78 Example of the Role of theExample of the Role of the Coupon RateCoupon Rate The price for Bond H will rise from $1,000 to $1,171 (+17.1%). The price for Bond L will rise from $848 to $1,000 (+17.9%). It rises fasterIt rises faster!! The price on Bonds H and L prior to the change in the market required rate of return is $1,000 and $848, respectively.
- 79. 79 Determining the Yield onDetermining the Yield on Preferred StockPreferred Stock Determine the yield for preferred stock with an infinite life. P0 = DivP / kP Solving for kP such that kP = DivP / P0
- 80. 80 Preferred Stock YieldPreferred Stock Yield ExampleExample kP = $10 / $100. kkPP = 10%10%. Assume that the annual dividend on each share of preferred stock is $10. Each share of preferred stock is currently trading at $100. What is the yield on preferred stock?
- 81. 81 Determining the Yield onDetermining the Yield on Common StockCommon Stock Assume the constant growth model is appropriate. Determine the yield on the common stock. P0 = D1 / ( ke - g ) Solving for ke such that ke = ( D1 / P0 ) + g
- 82. 82 Common StockCommon Stock Yield ExampleYield Example ke = ( $3 / $30 ) + 5% kkee = 15%15% Assume that the expected dividend (D1) on each share of common stock is $3. Each share of common stock is currently trading at $30 and has an expected growth rate of 5%. What is the yield on common stock?
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A list of many Animation movies to download from.
101 Dalmatians Quadrilogy STAR BOXSET 720p (1961-1996-2000-2003)[Dual Audio][Hindi-Eng]-=!Dr.STAR!=-
Tom and Jerry :The Magic Ring (2002) DVDRip Multi Audio [Hindi 2.0-Eng-Tam] 1st On Net -=!Dr.STAR!=-
Thor -Tales of Asgard (2011) 720p BluRay x264 Hindi Dubbed 2.0 [1st on Net Exclusive][-=!Dr.STAR!=-]
Tom and Jerry Blast Off to Mars! (2005) 720p BRRip [Multi Audio][Hindi-Tamil-English][-=!Dr.STAR!=-]
Legend Of Kung Fu Rabbit (2011) 720p BLuRay x264 Dual Audio[Eng-Hindi] XdesiArsenal[ExD-XMR](850 MB)
Chota Bheem The Incan Adventure (2014) DVDRip 720p x264[M -Audio][Hindi+Tamil+Tel+Eng]-prisak~{HKRG}
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